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Icelandic Commonwealth
The Icelandic Commonwealth, Icelandic Free State, or Republic of Iceland〔commons:File:Public Schools Historical Atlas - Europe 1135.jpg - "(Republic) Iceland"〕 ((アイスランド語:þjóðveldið) or, less commonly, ''goðaveldið'') was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king with the Old Covenant in 1262. With the probable exception of Papar, Iceland was an uninhabited island until around 870.
==Goðorð system==
The medieval Icelandic state had a unique judicial structure. The initial settlers of Iceland were greatly influenced by their Norwegian roots when creating their own form of government. They wanted to avoid the strong centralized authority of Harald Fairhair from which some of them had fled, but they also wanted to replicate the Norwegian tradition of laws and district legal assemblies (''Þing''). This created a unique structure about which historians continue to speculate today.
The most powerful and elite leaders in Iceland were the chieftains (sing. ''goði'', pl. ''goðar'').The office of the ''goði'' was called the ''goðorð''. The ''goðorð'' was not delimited by strict geographical boundaries. Thus a free man could choose to support any of the ''goðar'' of his district. The supporters of the ''goðar'' were called ''Þingmenn'' ("assembly people"). In exchange for the ''goði'' protecting his interests, the ''Þingmaðr'' would provide armed support to his ''goði'' during feuds or conflicts. The ''Þingmenn'' were also required to attend regional and national assemblies.〔Short, William Rhuel. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2010. Print.〕
On a regional level, the ''goðar'' of the thirteen district assemblies convened meetings every spring to settle local disputes. The ''goðar'' also served as the leaders of the Althing (''Alþingi''), the national assembly of Iceland. Today, the Althing is the oldest parliamentary institution still in existence. It began with the regional assembly at Kjalarness established by Þorsteinn Ingólfsson, son of the first settler. The leaders of the Kjalarnessþing appointed a man named Úlfljótr to study the laws in Norway. He spent three years in Norway and returned with the foundation of Úlfljótr’s Law, which would form the basis for Iceland's national assembly. Sections of his law code are preserved in the Landnámabók, ("Book of Settlements"). The first Althing assembly convened around the year 930 at Þingvellir, ("Assembly Plains"). The Althing served as a public gathering at which people from all over the country met for two weeks every June. The Althing revolved around the ''Lögrétta'', the legislative council of the assembly, which was responsible for reviewing and amending the nation's laws. The Lögrétta comprised the 39 ''goðar'' and their advisors. They also appointed a Lawspeaker (''lögsögumaður'') once every three years. The Lawspeaker recited and clarified laws at Lögberg ("Law Rock"), located at the center of Þingvellir.〔Guðmundur, Hálfdanarson. Historical Dictionary of Iceland. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2008. Print.〕 The descendants of Ingólfr Arnarson, the first settler of Iceland, held the ceremonial position of ''allsherjargoði'' and had the role of sanctifying the Althing each year.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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